Hasbro, Inc. Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Hasbro, Inc. Business Organization and Management Corporate Profile The twentieth century, especially the past fifty years, has certainly been a time of enormous change. Products have changed, the business of manufacturing and marketing toys has changed and the needs and desires of consumers who buy toys have changed. The majority of the world’s toys are now manufactured in the Far East. Perhaps the greatest change in the toy industry has been in the way that toys are sold by incorporating creative and original marketing strategies into company culture. It was Merrill Hassenfeld who broke new ground in 1951 as the first manufacturer to advertise a toy, Mr Potato Head, on television. It didn’t take long to realise the value of appealing directly to children. Today the sophistication of branded toys that can extend from a film to a series of toys and onward to computer software and electronic games might seem incredible to an earlier generation of toy makers. Yet the fundamental values of the toy industry are the same as they have always been. Subsidiaries and Divisions Atari - Manufacturer of coin-operated and consumer video games. Formed in 1972. Hasbro Germany Hasbro Interactive-Publisher of family interactive game CD-ROM software. Formed in 1995. Hasbro Spain Microprose - makes 3-D video games for PC’s Wizards of the Coast-Wizards of the Coast has built a house of cards. The company, a subsidiary of toy giant Hasbro, is best known for trading card games Magic: The Gathering (available in nine languages) and Pokemon. Wizards of the Coast's other offerings include the granddaddy of medieval role-playing adventure games, Dungeons and Dragons, and traditional games such as the Dilbert card game Corporate Shuffle and sci-fi board game RoboRally. The company also operates a Seattle gaming and entertainment center and retail stores under The Game Keeper and Wizards of the Coast names. CEO Peter Adkison, game designer Richard Garfield, and several others founded the company in 1990. Competitors Acclaim Entertainment-Major League All-Stars, an Indian warrior, and a bunch of foul-mouthed kids headline Acclaim Entertainment's array of video games. The Glen Cove, New York-based software publisher's titles, which include All-Star Baseball, Turok, and South Park, are available for PCs, Nintendo, SEGA, and Sony game systems. The company, ... ...d of Human Resources: Bob Carniaux Board of Directors Background of CEO Alan G. Hassenfeld was instrumental in the international growth sales of Hasbro in the late 1980’s. After his brother Stephen died of AIDS in 1989, Alan became CEO. Alan is the third generation of Hassenfeld to control Hasbro. He owns about 10% of the stock. FINANCIAL DATA Ticker Symbol: HAS (NYSE) Dividends: As of July 14, 2000, the dividends are $.06/share Shares Outstanding: As of Jun 00, 172,300,00 Number of Shareholders(institutional): 691 Big Chart Explanation Analysts Rating: Today the analysts ratings were 5 said Hold, 3 said Buy, 2 said Strong Buy This averages out to a 2.3 Hasbro ranks 13 out of 99. It is in the Leisure/Toys games industry. Analyst Ratings compiled using data provided by Zacks Investment Research, Inc. Bond Ratings: As of Feb 28th, Duff & Philips Credit Rating Co. placed its ratings of Hasbro Inc. on Rating Watch Down. DCR rates Hasbro Inc.’s notes and debentures ‘A’ and its commercial paper ‘D-1’.

Overpopulation in the Philippines Essay

It has been a politically perceived issue that there is over population in the Philippines. This issue has been constantly blamed for the aggravating poverty situation. One side is claiming that unbridled population increase is putting so much strain on the financial and food resources of the country that more and more Filipinos are no longer eating three square meals a day. Economic rating system is also stating a poor Filipino family is earning just below $1 per day. This certainly can hardly feed a family of 4 or more. On the other side, it is claimed that the cause of poverty is government corruption. They rightfully claim that while it’s true that the poor are constantly increasing, and that the income gap between them and the next economic level is likewise widening, financial resources that are intended to support the poor are being pocketed by corrupt government officials. Population is not the cause of poverty, corruption is, the Catholic Church claims. The government is keen on crafting remedies to curb population. Several laws have been passed to curb corruption. But since they lack heavy punitive measures, they became hardly effective. Corruption has already downgraded the country’s economic standing that adversely affected our capability to borrow money from credit or financial institutions, particularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. So the government resorted to drafting a bill that drew the ire of the conservative and the Catholic Church. Foremost is the reproductive health bill, which was authored by Senator Pia Cayetano and Congressman Edcel Lagman. The bill underwent rough sailing on the legislative seas. The President is set to sign the bill into law before 2012 ends. DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE Reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene, addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. Reproductive health, therefore, implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. One interpretation of this implies that men and women ought to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of birth control; also access to appropriate health care services of sexual, reproductive medicine and implementation of health education programs to stress the importance of women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth could provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant. On the other hand individuals do face inequalities in reproductive health services. Inequalities vary based on socioeconomic status, education level, age, ethnicity, religion, and resources available in their environment. It is possible for example, that low income individuals lack the resources for appropriate health services and the knowledge to know what is appropriate for maintaining reproductive health. As a personal opinion, reproductive health is also the ability of a couple – a man and a woman – to reproduce and raise children. It is a genetic process of increasing the number of the earth’s inhabitants which continuously work for their own sustenance or provide for their basic needs to survive – food, shelter, etc. But the disproportionate increase of population vis-à  -vis resources, the consequentially widening disparity between these two elements is putting strains on both the natural and financial resources. Science has undertaken remedies to increase food production and sustain natural resources. Sustainable development is employed. There are successes in several countries, especially in rich countries. But other countries, particularly the third world, where governments are  beleaguered by ineptitude and corruption have hardly taken off. The Philippines, for example, continue to lag behind in development and food production due to this problem. Over population, as the government and credit or financial institutions claim, is thus blamed as the cause of underdevelopment and poverty. Credit or financial institutions which provide loans to poor countries for development therefore advise poor countries to curb population or their resources shall be depleted and their ability to borrow money from them regulated or limited. In this light, third world or poor countries like the Philippines had to craft laws that they believe could solve the problem of over population. Thus enters the reproductive health law, other government policies intended to curb over population in the pipeline. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally known as the RH Law, is a legislation in the Republic of the Philippines guaranteeing universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as condoms, birth control pills (BCPs) and IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers. On October 2012, a revised version of the legislation was re-named the Responsible Parenthood Act and was filed in the House of Representatives as a result of re-introducing the bill under a different impression after overwhelming opposition in the country, especially from the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines. The law is highly divisive and controversial, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills, with tens of thousands of opposition particularly those endorsed by the bishops of the Roman Catholic Church and various other conservative groups, have  been happening nationwide. It has polarized the Filipino nation. PRESENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE VIEWS Differing opinions have emerged from various sectors and divided the people into the â€Å"pros† and â€Å"cons† – or those against and for the RH Law. The Catholic Church, whose doctrine of pro-life as understood from the bible, is firmly against the Reproductive Health bill; and position is absolute and uncompromising, said an official of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). There is no way that the Church will soften its position against the controversial bill. It allegedly opposes the bill because of its anti-life provisions, or the contraceptive program it engenders. The Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP) also joined the Catholic Church’s voice in opposing the bill. These groups propose that the best form of birth regulation is self-discipline. Instead of allotting P2 billion from taxpayer’s money for the purchase of contraceptives, CEAP has urged lawmakers to use the money for education, livelihood and basic public services. The same position is shared by other groups and some conservative religious denominations which value life right at conception or the union of the woman’s egg cell and the man’s sperm cell. These â€Å"cons† reason that over population is not the problem, or that there is no over population. The purported over population stems from the fact that the government has failed to developed provinces or areas beyond the metropolitans areas. Metropolitan Manila and its suburban cities are booming while remote provinces are simply relying on primitive farming and minimally supported livelihood. In search of the needed fund to support livelihood in their home province, some people thus migrate to the cities to find work. Government has allocated some fund to sustain agriculture livelihood. Unfortunately, this is not sufficient to effect significant progress on farming system. Moreover, corrupt officials tasked to administer the fund  tend to pocket some of the funds. Faming infrastructures funded by local taxes and foreign donations are limited, thus unable to lift the struggling rural economy. The poor farmers have already been subservient to private lenders and banks. And their produce has only become fodder for loan sharks, who lend these farmers virtually everything they need including their food. In effect, they could hardly recover, to whom their produce would simply go as payment for their debts. To the pro-RH Bill, they claim that the reproductive health bill would allow greater access to modern contraceptives and sex education. It allegedly proposes more maternal health services, raising the number of midwives to one for every 150 deliveries. Contraceptives would also be funded for poor women and would be included in the standard supplies of medicine in hospitals. Modern family planning methods would be provided in all accredited health facilities. The bill, allegedly, will provide adequate funding to the population program. It is a departure from the present setup in which the provision for reproductive health services is devolved to local government units, and consequently, subjected to the varying strategies of local government executives and suffers from a dearth of funding. It will promote information on and access to both natural and modern family planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible. It assures an enabling environment where women and couples have the freedom of informed choice on the mode of family planning they want to adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and religious beliefs. It does not have any bias for or against either natural or modern family planning. It will also promote sustainable human development. Taken as a basis for the â€Å"pros† stand, the UN stated in 2002 that family planning and reproductive health are essential to reducing poverty. The UNICEF also asserts that family planning could bring more benefits to more people at less cost than any other single technology now available to the human race. According to this group, coverage of RH are the following: (1) Information and access to natural and modern family planning (2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition (3) Promotion of breast feeding (4)  Prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications (5) Adolescent and youth health (6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs (7) Elimination of violence against women (8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health (9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers (10) Male involvement and participation in RH; (11) Prevention and treatment of infertility and (12) RH education for the youth. The principal author of the RH Bill, Congressman Edcel Lagman of Albay, claims that the bill is not anti-life, totally discrediting the â€Å"cons† stand, but allegedly a pro-quality life. Allegedly, it will ensure that children will be blessings for their parents since their births are planned and wanted. Additionally, he stated that the bill will empower couples with the information and opportunity to plan and space their children. This will not only strengthen the family as a unit but also optimize care for children who will have more opportunities to be educated, healthy and productive. The Congressman further stated that the bill does not interfere with family life, but will enhance family life: The family is more than a natural nucleus; it is a social institution whose protection and development are impressed with public interest. It is not untouchable by legislation. For this reason, the State has enacted the Civil Code on family relations, the Family Code, and the Child and Youth Welfare Code. Further according to the Congressman, the bill does not legalize abortion: It expressly provides that abortion remains a crime and prevention of abortion is essential to fully implement. (To this, the Catholic Church countered that the Reproductive Health Bill as a precursor will eventually pave the way for more anti-life policies, like legalization of abortion and divorce, which are already in the pipeline). He used comparative reports or information to bolster his position. He stated that it is not true all countries where contraceptive use is promoted eventually legalize abortion. Many Catholic countries criminalize abortion even as they vigorously promote contraceptive use like Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Paraguay and Ireland. The Muslim and Buddhist countries of Indonesia and Laos also promote contraceptive use yet proscribe abortion. According to studies, correct and regular use of contraceptives reduces abortion rates by as much as 85 percent and negates the need to legalize  abortion. Furthermore, contraceptives, allegedly, do not have life-threatening side effects. Medical and scientific evidence shows that all the possible medical risks connected with contraceptives are infinitely lower than the risks of an actual pregnancy and everyday activities. The author also claims that the bill simply recognizes the verifiable link between a huge population and poverty. Unbridled population growth stunts socioeconomic development and aggravates poverty. The connection between population and development is well-documented and empirically established. However, in countries where population control is prevalent, there is now evidence that they are wanting of more able and young workforce. Japan for instance is having problem with its ageing workforce to sustain its preeminent economic standing. The country has practiced population control in order to create huge surplus of resources and production which they sell or trade abroad to infuse large income to its export-oriented economy. Sadly, the country is now experiencing workforce shortage. Population control has become detrimental to their economic progress. On the other hand, China, the world’s most populous nation, is now enjoying economic boom due to a huge supply of human resource. The country is able to provide cheap labor to industrial countries around the world with huge economic benefit. This could prove that over population is not completely the cause of poverty. Considering some demographic profiles, some provinces are more populated than others on a person per area basis. There is just disproportionate distribution of inhabitants. Metro Manila is over populated due to unregulated influx of rural people in search of menial or professional work. Work pay is the difference. While Metro Manila is offering wages which comply with lawful rates, provincial wages are lesser. The amenities are like conspicuous everywhere in Metro Manila than anywhere in Luzon. Worldly things are just hard to resist that many people are flocking to Metro Manila. The same thing happens in metropolitan cities of the Visayas and Mindanao. Consequently, farms are somewhat abandoned for the sake of seeking financial gains from working in factories or offices. This exodus of farm workers leaving the farm could somehow create a vacuum in the farms. Food production thus construed as a sign of poverty. There appears to be three major points of view from which to approach the controversial reproductive health bill, namely: legal, moral, and scientific. This is so since, the proposed legislative measure once enacted into law will affect society. In short, there are many stakeholders by differing institutional concerns. It then becomes difficult to erect a tripod to hold the issue that has carried so much weight. There are those who think, once legislated, the proposed Reproductive Health will in fact set the stage for other anti-life laws or so-called D.E.A.T.H. bills (acronym for death, euthanasia, abortion, two-child policy, and homosexuality). The problem that has been viciously overlooked in our legislative mill is the fact that legislators themselves violate the rule that a bill should have only one subject matter. Up until today, there is a serious opposition to a reproductive health bill in whatever form or substance it comes simply because there are such groups or organizations that are against it. For instance, the CBCP is against it and for that matter other like-minded Catholic sub-groups. True enough, from the time it was first filed in the past Congresses, the bill already experienced a string of failures – to be passed into law – owing to provisions that are questionable legally, morally, and scientifically. It can be said that again, this proposed HB 812 may go through another rough sailing unless it can be railroaded in Congress and Senate. One theory stands in defense of the bill which claims it is necessary in order to curb population growth which is now pegged at 86 million Filipinos as well as for the sake of limited resources such as rice. But the myth of this Malthusian fear has already been settled long ago and it does not anymore hold water. Why a ‘zero population growth’ as that which was a  matter of policy in the whole of the United States and Europe? If we consider the earnings being remitted into our country from OFWs as the single factor that buoys up our fledging if pale economy, then we should have no reason to argue against this bill. That ‘zero population policy’ practiced by countries in the First Bloc now reached the irreversible scenario of a graying population that depletes their respective economies in heavy state subsidies. The National Academy of Science and Technology supports reproductive health bill. The Catholic Church or the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines does not. There are pro-life advocates versus pro-choice advocates. This camp says it involves no abortion, another camp says otherwise. This group claims contraceptives to be abortifacient, another such group claims it is not so. Within the legal community, a wedge divides their sentiments as to whether it is against the Divine Law to allow any room of choice toward abortion or to some extent euthanasia. Cases of abortion do sometimes involve â€Å"life-boat ethics† – that Catch 22 of having to choose which person to save – the unborn babe or the mother. There are issues at every loop, claims at every turn, and cries in every direction the bill takes – for or against. Moralists, legalists, scientists follow their own lines of thinking that are parallel unto one another – no lines intersect. There is where the problem lies. Is it then possible to weave from various strands or threads a beautiful tapestry of the proposed bill? Has it become time to curb population growth or corruption? CONCLUSION Whether it is called reproductive health, or responsible parenthood, the debate is a polarizing one. The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines came out with a pastoral letter, on the issue of the Reproductive Health/Responsible Parenthood Bill. Their words, alleging they come from the spring well of morality. It is why when you read, or listen to the pastoral letter, or the position of the Church they think that contraceptives are immoral, or are abominations. There is nothingwrong with that position, and it is a perfectly valid one from a certain point of view. On the other end of the spectrum, the proponents of the Reproductive Health Bill say, â€Å"yes we should.† What the proposed legislation is about: it asks the government to explain to men and women, regardless whether they are married, single or of age, about their human bodies. They teach about a full range of methods— natural family planning, artificial contraceptions, from Condoms to IUDs to the Pil l and the morning after pill and everything else in between. Now, all this isn’t new. Growing up and studying in a Catholic school, these were things taught to us. And at the end of the day, it is about making an informed decision on what’s important to us. Biologically? Men have their urges. Women have their needs. Science tells us that the human race has been around for about 150,000 years. We wouldn’t be here if humans didn’t have those instincts. What the bill proposes to do is to put everything in the forefront. To make informing people mandatory, and to put the choice front and center and readily available for every Filipino, regardless of age, or social status. This chasm is just one of many philosophical differences that make it impossible for both the Pro Reproductive Health and the Anti Reproductive health proponents from ever seeing eye to eye. What of President Aquino? The President during the campaign was explicit. He does not fully support the reproductive health bill in the form that it was during the campaign. He was explicit that he believed that the reproductive health bill should be renamed, responsible parenthood bill. The President’s position, based on his Platform when he ran for public office could be summed up as: 1. He is against abortion; 2. He recognizes that there is a population explosion; 3. He is in favor of giving couples the right to choose to manage their families; 4. He believes in cases where the couple is too poor, or is in no position to make an informed decision that the state must take responsibility. 5. He wants all options to be equally presented. That means including Natural Family planning up to modern family methods. 6. He believes  that Parents should play a key role in ensuring every child they bring into the world will have the opportunity to lead good lives. The Aquino position is a logical and fair one. Parents should really play a role in their family’s future. Giving everyone an informed choice, and letting them decide on what to do, instead of ramming the choice down their throat is the logical thing to do. The proposed legislation then has basically met many of those requirements. So, is this still the Aquino position on the issue? If not, what has changed? Rumor has it that Aquino isn’t so hot on the RH Bill. The President of course looks at the priority legislation and sees what he can pass that does the biggest benefit. Did the President see that putting the Reproductive Health Bill or Responsible Parenthood bill on the agenda would prevent other, equally important legislation sidetracked? This is my disappointment with the Aquino Administration. Just come out and say so, and be honest about the whys on the matter. This is why many of those who supported the Administration are coming out to say, â€Å"this isn’t the change we signed up for.† They are so disillusioned with the state of things. In an issue as charged and as polarizing as Reproductive Health or Responsible Parenthood bill or however legislators want to call it, there is a simple way to break the impasse. The President uses all the power of discernment he has. The President simply decides. The RH Bill is about responsibility. It is about making an informed decision, and it appears not just for Filipinos, but for the President as well. But responsibility is not just for the economic well-being of a person but for his/her spiritual well-being too. When we talk about morals, we also must think about our personal responsibility to our own souls, and faithfulness to the church, being the body of Christ. By following or not following what the church teaches is an expression of personal liberty from the dictates of anyone. However, by following the church, the ultimate dictate for human salvation is paramount. After all, just as Christ Himself used to say in the Gospel, â€Å"Thy faith has saved you†, we shall be saved from our steadfastness to our faith. PUNCHLINES â€Å"Safe and satisfying sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Delivered by Sen. Pia Cayetano in her defense of the Reproductive Health Bill, which she authored with Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago, which she means to say women should have the right to safe and satisfying sex. This phrase was moved by Sen. Vicente Sotto to be removed from the bill. â€Å"RH bill is being gift wrapped to look like a gift for maternal health care (even if) it will lead to greater crimes against women.† Catholic Bishops Conference Of The Philippines (CBCP) â€Å"Show me the same law!† Reaction of Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago to Sen. Vicente Sotto’s statement that the Reproductive Health Bill is redundant â€Å"Is there gender discrimination in Philippine society?†Ã‚  Debate between RH bill sponsor Sen. Pia Cayetano and Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile â€Å"Our biggest export is OFWs (Overseas Filipino Workers). That is export. That’s why I’m against RH.† Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile’s statement in his opposition to the RH Bill â€Å"Long after we are gone, we will leave behind not just a law but a whole mentality and a whole culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle warned of the bill’s effect on Filipino Culture and the youth.

Critical Thinkings on Sustainable Development

The world commission on environment defines sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising on the ability of future generations to survive. (OECD, 1987) Sustainable development emphasizes on the importance of quality of life and ensures that the decisions made by individuals and corporations today, take into consideration the social, economic and environmental issues without negatively impacting on the future generations’ ability to sustains itself. It’s thus built on these three major pillars that must be taken into consideration when developing a long term plan to meet the goals and objectives of sustainable development (Environment: Canada, 2002). Sustainable development in the world will be achievable if a couple of issues are addressed. These include: climate change, water quality and availability, clean air, wild life conservation, protection of the ecological system and biological resources. The general thinking in the world today has been that only corporations have been at the forefront in environmental degradation and thus should entirely be responsible in addressing sustainable development. While this may be partly true, it must be understood that each one of us has played a role in the problems that the world is experiencing today in one ways or another and should thus be actively involved in the sustainable development efforts (Environmental and Natural Resource Management, 2010). The quest for sustainable development in the world has witnessed the involvement of many companies. Unilever, a global manufacturing company, for instance has made a landmark in many nations in its efforts to conserve resources. It has been involved in a number of activities all geared towards improving the quality of human life. It has done this by initiating or sponsoring conservation efforts in many parts of the world and especially Canada, India and many parts of Africa. Its recent effort has been launching and assisting in many projects that address water consumption at the local, regional and global frontiers. In Canada for instance, Unilever is behind the creation of a marketing campaign that advises customers on how to save water. (Unilever,† Canada: education of consumer on water conservation†, 2010) It has also been involved in the reduction of liquid discharge (Unilever, â€Å"Our every day needs†, 2010). This project involves the treatment of effluents and creation of water for irrigation and it has been a huge success in India. Unilever has also been involved in the clean up of Lake Constance that borders Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The efforts by Unilever and many other multinationals are not and have not, however, been sufficient enough to meet the diverse needs for sustainable development as proven by the still persistent need for on going efforts towards sustainable development. Since each one of us contributes to the environment in one way or the other, its imperative that more efforts should be directed towards this end. This can only be done through partnerships amongst the stake holders. We can address these issues by partnering with the multinationals in the efforts to attain sustainable development  Ã‚   at personal, local and national levels. Partnerships between and among multinationals in the coordination of efficient production activities will go along way in addressing the sustainable development issues (CESD, 2007). Partnerships with governments, political stakeholders, individuals and non governmental organizations will also create lasting changes in the way things are done, creating efficiencies in production and consumption. This could be done through the institution of policies and legislation that ensures that there are laws that guide the code of behavior in individuals and corporations regarding the use of resources (Unilever: Our sustainability strategy, 2010). References CESD (2007). Sustainable Development Strategies. Canada: Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development Environmental and Natural Resource Management. (2010). Climate change and water program. Retrieved Nov 1,2010 from http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-155392-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Unilever. (2010). Sustainable development overview 2009.   1-36. Retrieved from http://www.unilever.com/mediacentre/?WT.GNAV=Media_centre Environment Canada (2002). Threats to Water Availability in Canada. Canada: Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute. Unilever. (2010). Our sustainability strategy. Retrieved Nov 1, 2010 from http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/strategy/?WT.GNAV=Our_sustainability_strategy

Kate Chopin s The Awakening - 941 Words

Who is Kate Chopin exactly? Notably, people acknowledge Chopin for her novel â€Å"The Awakening†, in which she is vocal about women gaining independence, but society did not particularly like her vocalizing her opinion. Hence, Chopin was a feminist, who wrote short stories and some novels. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† written by Chopin is an exhibition of a woman coming into her own independence. Chopin wrote this poem around a time when women were inferior to men, although Chopin’s message is clearly heard throughout the poem. In particular, Mrs. Mallard is the main character in â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, and she is waiting for the moment that she will have the privilege as a woman. Knowingly, when Mrs. Mallard got married, she lost her identity, represented by the open window, her name, and heart trouble, which are symbols of her newfound freedom. Provided that the â€Å"open window† is a symbol of her identity, Mrs. Mallard longingly glares out the window hoping for freedom from her husband. With that being said, Mrs. Mallard had an uneasy relationship with her husband because she felt trapped behind her husband’s persona, as if she herself had to share his identity. Given that, Chopin states: â€Å"But now there was a dull glare in her eyes whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of these patches of blue sky†. Chopin utilizes imagery to give a visual image of what Mrs. Mallard is viewing; she recalls â€Å"rain, scents that filled the air, and colors, which implies the season of spring.Show MoreRelatedKate Chopin s The Awakening935 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin’s â€Å"The Awakening† can arguably be considered a feminist piece, but regardless of whether it is or not, the short story unmistakably describes how life was for women in the late 1800’s. Her story is a great example of the sexist views of the time and existing social roles for each gender. The literature includes a la rge interplay between society and gender roles, which affected the reader’s response to the plot and other literary devices such as imagery back then and even today. ChopinRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1553 Words   |  7 Pagesare evident throughout The Awakening by Kate Chopin. Chopin uses contrasting characters such as Edna Pontellier and Adele Ratignolle to further embody the differing aspects of feminism. Adele Ratignolle represents the ideal woman of the time period, a mindless housewife working to serve her family, whereas Edna signifies an independent and daring woman who does not conform to society’s beliefs. These two women’s differing characteristics and personalities allow Chopin to further compare and contrastRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1497 Words   |  6 PagesEdna Proves that Society Does Not Control Her In Kate Chopin s novella, the awakening, Chopin portrays a story of how the protagonist, Edna Pontellier, undergoes a realization that she has been dumbfounded by the way society assert roles for women. Mrs. Pontellier s awakening stirs up issues in her marriage with her husband. For Mr. Pontellier does not understand why his wife is acting different as someone who does not share the values and duties that society withholds women to. Edna even fallsRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The beginning of things, of a world especially, is necessarily vague, tangled, chaotic, and exceedingly disturbing† (Chopin 67). Change: the most frightening word in the English language; it has never came quickly, never came easily, never come without casualties. Throughout history, countless revolutions have fought with blood, sweat, and tears for the acceptance of new ideas to foster change within mainstream culture. Naturally, there is always a resilient resistance to revolution, the norm thatRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1875 Words   |  8 Pageswomen s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.† The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, was written in 1890 during the height of the women s suffrage movement, and essentially the public felt that the author â€Å"went too far† due to â€Å"the sensuality† of the protagonist (Toth 1). The â€Å"male gatekeepers† that scrutinized her work saw her piece as a statement that â€Å"the husband is a drag†, and that traditional American values should be forgotten (Toth 1). In truth, Chopin did notRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening2531 Words   |  11 PagesDress to Impress Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening depicts sexual affairs, inner struggles, and the conquest of motherhood that most women face today. The conquest of motherhood involves the battle between being a supportive wife and selfless mother. The story revolves around the characters’ dialogue and appearances described beautifully throughout the novel by Kate Chopin. The story is a familiar one that, sadly, most women can relate to: A woman is married without knowing what true love is. HerRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1685 Words   |  7 Pagesconforms, the inward life which questions† (Chopin 18). The Victorian Era created a clear distinguishment between male and female roles in society, where women were expected to behave feminine-like, be responsible for domestic duties and have little involvement in society. This created a heavy oppression upon females and as a result forced many of them to remain entrapped in a male dominant society, in fear of being outcasted . In the novel The Awakening, Kate Chopin depicts how Edna’s defiance of VictorianRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1981 Words   |  8 Pagesthe 1800s The Awakening by Kate Chopin published in 1899 is a novel that can teach the true meaning of family, the importance of friendship, and the value of independence. Chopin teaches the true meaning of family by showing how Edna receives no support from her own family and struggles to succeed without them. Chopin shows the importance of friendship when Edna has no one by her side until she meets a woman named Adele and a man named Robert. The primary area that Chopin focuses on is the satisfactionRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1198 Words   |  5 Pageswoman’s freedom is the driving force behind Kate Chopin’s contextual objections to propriety. In particular, The Awakening and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† explore the lives of women seeking marital liberation and individuality. Mrs. Chopin, who was raised in a matriarchal household, expresses her opposition to the nineteenth century patriarchal society while using her personal experiences to exemplify her fe minist views. Katherine O’Flaherty, later Kate Chopin, was born to Eliza and Thomas O’FlahertyRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1870 Words   |  8 Pagessymbolizes the Marxist cause. A multitude books throughout history and the current day are representing the groundbreaking thoughts of Marxism, and they help to demonstrate how vile Capitalism truly is. In Kate Chopin’s The Awakening there lie countless subtleties of Marxism and its standards. Chopin skillfully injects the ideals into the novel through characters’ actions and behaviors. Three characters in particular represent the evils of Capitalism in the teachings of Marxist, and those characters

Courtly Love in The Knights Tale and The Wife of Baths Tale

â€Å"The noble knight slays the dragon and rescues the fair maiden†¦and they live happily ever after.† This seemingly clichà © finale encompasses all the ideals of courtly love, which began in the Medieval Period and still exists today. While these ideals were prevalent in medieval society, they still existed with much controversy. Geoffrey Chaucer, a poet of the period, comments on courtly love in his work The Canterbury Tales. Through the use of satiric elements and skilled mockery, Chaucer creates a work that not only brought courtly love to the forefront of medieval society but also introduced feministic ideals to the medieval society. At times, Chaucer even makes readers question his beliefs by presenting contrasting elements of principle†¦show more content†¦While this idea of daring exploits and melodramatic ideals is intriguing, in reality, courtly love is more of a literary invention. Through works such as Chrà ©tien de Troyes’s Lancelot, Guila ume de Lorris’s Roman de la Rose, and Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, courtly love has evolved from an adventurous race towards love into one of the most important literary influences in Western culture (â€Å"Courtly Love†). While the ideals of courtly love were highly accepted and almost idealized in medieval society, the origin of these ideals remains a mystery because the very definition of courtly love is debated among modern and ancient literary scholars (Wollock 32). Since courtly love is not specifically defined, it exists in many spectrums. Gaston Paris, a French writer and scholar, suggests a worldly idea of courtly love with little attention given to morals. He defined courtly love by the lover’s worship of an idealized lady based on sexual attraction and desire. Being a controversial idea, an opposite idea of courtly love also exists. C.S. Lewis, a French theologian and literary critic, presents a conservative idea of courtly love based on rel igion and morality. His summation of courtly love includes â€Å"Humility, Courtesy, Adultery, and the Religion of Love.† Throughout history, many scholars have commented on their concept of love, and it is safe to say that each scholar responded with a different idea based off his personnel experiences (Wollock 31). Chaucer alsoShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Love In The Canterbury Tales887 Words   |  4 Pagesmessages of love throughout the centuries. There exists many tales and accounts that teach important lessons to the society. The writers have taken the opportunity to express their thoughts and feelings about the society as a whole. For instance, in these Canterbury Tales, love has been painted in many different ways. This paper is going to explore the theme of love in these three chosen Canterbury Tales: the Knight’s Tale, the Wife of Bath’s Tale, and the Miller’s Tale. â€Å"The Knight’s Tale† is the firstRead MoreEssay on The Wife of Bath: Illustrating Courtly Love956 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Middle Ages, when The Canterbury Tales was written, society became captivated by love and the thought of courtly and debonair love was the governing part of all relationships and commanded how love should be conducted. These principles changed literature completely and created a new genre dedicated to brave, valorous knights embarking on noble quests with the intention of some reward, whether that be their life, lover, or any other want. The Canterbury Tales, written in the 14th century by GeoffreyRead More Comparing Love and Marriage in Canterbury Tales, Lanval, Faerie Queene, and Monsieurs Departure675 Words   |  3 PagesLove and Marriage in Canterbury Tales, Lanval, Faerie Queene, and Monsieurs Departure Medieval and Renaissance literature develops the concepts of love and marriage and records the evolution of the relation between them. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, Christian love clashes with courtly love, as men and women grapple with such issues as which partner should rule in marriage, the proper, acceptable role of sex in marriage, and the importance of love as a basis for a successful marriage. WorksRead MoreEssay about The Significance of Women in Chaucers The Cantebury Tales3353 Words   |  14 Pagesin Chaucers The Cantebury Tales      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Geoffrey Chaucers The Cantebury Tales, many stories are told leading to a wide range of topics.   One particular and significant topic Chaucer touches on many times is the role of women.   In stories such as The Millers Tale, The Knights Tale, and the Wife of Baths Tale the women of each story are portrayed extremely different.   Alisoun, Emelye, and the wife of Bath, each exemplify three dissimilar ways in which women love.   The way Chaucer describesRead MoreEssay about Common Sense, Ethics, and Dogma in The Wife of Bath3354 Words   |  14 PagesSense, Ethics, and Dogma in The Wife of Bath In his Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer assembles a band of pilgrims who, at the behest of their host, engage in a story-telling contest along their route. The stories told along the way serve a number of purposes, among them to entertain, to instruct, and to enlighten. In addition to the intrinsic value of the tales taken individually, the tales in their telling reveal much about the tellers. The pitting of tales one against another provides aRead MoreMonty Python and the Holy Grail Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesTable in a chef’s salad of adventures, mainly the quest for the Holy Grail. Three medieval concepts that reoccur continuously in the movie are knighthood, chivalry, courtly love and the wheel of fortune. These motifs are more seriously depicted in the book Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and from tales in the book the Canterbury Tales. In medieval times the ideal characteristics of a man were knighthood and chivalry both in battle and at home. The physical attributes included strength, skill atRead MoreThe Inconsistancies of Life in In The Canterbury Tales and The Knights Tale, by Geoffrey Chaucer1707 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Canterbury Tales, composed by Geoffrey Chaucer, the fundamental topic of the tales is the inconsistency of human life — satisfaction and suffering are never far separated from one another, and no one is truly safe from experiencing a tragedy. When an individuals fortunes are up, other individuals are down. This issue is expressed by the pattern of the narrative, in which depictions of favorable luck are immediately followed by disasters, and characters are subject to memorable inversionsRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer Essay1990 Words   |  8 Pagesliterary work being The Canterbury Tales. With Chaucer starting composition between 1386 and 1389, The Canterbury Tal es was originally envisioned by him to be an anthology of four stories from each of the twenty-nine characters that are introduced in the General Prologue of the book. Unfortunately, either due to revising or his untimely death on October 25, 1400 at the age of 57, only 24 stories out of a proposed 120 were completed, leaving The Canterbury Tales far from completion. Nevertheless,Read MoreThe Characters in The Canterbury Tales Essay4000 Words   |  16 PagesCanterbury Tales      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters introduced in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales each represent a stereotype of a kind of person that Chaucer would have been familiar with in 14th Century England. Each character is unique, yet embodies many physical and behavioral traits that would have been common for someone in their profession. In preparing the reader for the tales, Chaucer first sets the mood by providing an overall idea of the type of character who is telling the tale, thenRead More Women and Love In Chaucer1988 Words   |  8 Pagesand Love In Chaucer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaucers opinion of women and his views on love are very prominently featured in his poetry. Focusing on women, one must first examine the popular views concerning women during Chaucers time. Arlyn Diamond writes of Chaucer that, . . . he accepts uneasily the medieval view of women as either better or worse than men, but never quite the same. (Green 3) This is evident in Chaucers portrayal of women in such poems as The Wife of Bath and The Clerks Tale which

Night Creature Blue Moon Chapter 3 Free Essays

As it turned out, he was right. I didn’t find that wolf or any other. The woods were strangely empty that night. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I chalked it up to the brightness of the moon and my less than graceful manner of crashing through the underbrush. But later I wondered. Hell, later I wondered a lot of things. Like who was that unmasked man? He’d learned my name but never offered his. And I’d had little opportunity to ask. I’d stepped from the clearing, searching once more for a trace of the trail, and when I glanced back he’d disappeared as suddenly as he’d appeared. Logically I knew he had gone inside – rude as that was without a good-bye – still, I never heard the creak of a porch board or the click of the door. I moved on, but when the sun came up and I was still empty-handed, I returned to the scene of, the accident. Someone had towed Miss Larson’s oversize vehicle away, leaving the glass, plastic, and blood behind. Peachy. I rousted Zee on the radio. â€Å"Damn, girl. Where have you been? I was gonna send out the cavalry pretty soon.† â€Å"I’m fine. Didn’t Brad tell you where I was?† â€Å"Off in the woods, alone in the night. You nuts?† â€Å"I had a big gun.† â€Å"Someday, Jessie, you are gonna meet someone smarter and meaner than you.† â€Å"Someday,† I agreed. â€Å"I take it you didn’t find what you were lookin’ for.† The stranger’s face, and everything else, flashed through my mind. I’d found something better, but I wasn’t going to tell Zee that. As she informed anyone who would listen, she was old; she wasn’t dead. She’d want more details about the man than I could comfortably give. â€Å"The wolf is gone,† I answered. â€Å"Why wasn’t this scene secured like I asked?† â€Å"Things got a little busy here. Domestic dispute, bar fight.† â€Å"The usual.† â€Å"Damn straight. I didn’t have anyone free to secure anything but their own ass. What difference does it make anyway? You don’t have a major crime scene being contaminated. It’s an accident plain and simple.† I’d learned early on that nothing was plain or simple. My gaze swept over the glass and skid marks. Not even this. â€Å"Have you talked to Brad about the victim?† I asked. â€Å"Yeah. He stayed with her until she left, but – â€Å" â€Å"Left?† â€Å"You don’t have to shout.† â€Å"How could she leave? She was bitten by a wild animal. She needs rabies shots.† â€Å"Only if she’ll take them. And she wouldn’t.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"The clinic didn’t have the serum. They could get it from Clearwater, but it would have taken several hours. She refused.† â€Å"That makes no sense.† â€Å"Since when does anything make sense?† Zee had a point. I tried to raise Brad on the radio and got no response. I dialed his cell phone, but he didn’t answer. A glance at my watch revealed the shift had changed ten minutes ago. Brad was nothing if not prompt. My opinions on that would have done Zee proud. The sun was up; I was tired. Working third shift had made me a vampire of sorts, unable to sleep when everyone else did, unable to stay awake when the world was alive. Despite my exhaustion, and the fact that overtime was a no-no, I vowed to hunt down Brad later and find out what he’d learned from Miss Larson. Right now I’d head to the clinic and talk to the doctor. See if I could find Miss Larson and have a word with her – if she wasn’t foaming at the mouth yet. But first†¦ I glanced from my squad car to the glass and plastic still on the pavement. First I got to clean up the mess. I sketched the scene, measured the skid marks, then swept the remains of the accident into a transparent bag and carried my prize to the side of the road. Holding it up, I jiggled the sack. Something caught my eye. I reached inside and withdrew a thin rawhide strip. I’d seen them used as necklaces, usually on men, sometimes teenage girls. If there’d been a jewel or a charm threaded onto this one, it could be anywhere. I jiggled the bag again but saw nothing else unusual. So I walked the center line and found what I was searching for several feet ahead of where the SUV had skidded to a stop. Leaning down, I picked up a carved onyx figure of a wolf, what the Ojibwe referred to as a totem. As I stared at it the image wavered and shifted. Cool air shot down my sweaty back, making me shiver. I shook my head. For a moment, the wolf’s face had appeared almost human. I definitely needed some sleep. Had the totem been here last night? Or for weeks, perhaps months? What did it mean? To whom did the icon belong? Did it even matter? I shrugged and dropped the evidence into the bag. I had enough questions to keep me busy most of the morning. Any more could wait for tonight. My visit to the Miniwa Clinic was not very enlightening. The on-call doctor was young, earnest, and as exhausted as I was. He’d been on duty for forty-eight hours. I was glad I hadn’t been brought in bleeding at hour number forty-seven. â€Å"I cleaned the wound, though the officer who brought the victim in had done a decent job of it.† I made a mental note that Brad had been listening in first-aid class. Good boy. The doctor rested his forehead on one palm and closed his eyes. When he swayed, I grabbed his arm, afraid he was going to tumble face-first onto the floor. â€Å"Doc? Hey! You okay?† â€Å"Sorry. It’s been a long night – or three.† I made sympathetic noises. Why the medical community insisted on pushing physicians to their physical, emotional, and mental limits was beyond me. Did they believe the doctors who survived the training could then survive anything? Probably. â€Å"Miss Larson,† I reminded him. â€Å"Oh, yeah. I treated her like a dog bite victim. Four stitches, antibiotic. Minor really.† â€Å"Why did she leave?† â€Å"She had to work.† â€Å"Is she a brain surgeon?† Confusion flickered over his pale face. â€Å"I’m sorry?† â€Å"Her work couldn’t wait? What if the wolf was rabid?† â€Å"The chances of that are slim, Officer. Rabid animals tend more toward bats or the rodent family – mice, squirrels.† He paused, considered a moment, continued. â€Å"Or stray cats. Nasty things. You definitely need rabies shots if you get bit by a stray cat.† I didn’t plan on getting bit by any stray cats, since it would be an ice-cold day in Miami before I touched one. However, information is always welcome. The doctor shook his head. â€Å"It’s highly unlikely that a wolf is carrying rabies.† â€Å"Doesn’t mean she’s in the clear.† â€Å"No. But she has the right to refuse treatment.† â€Å"And if she starts gnawing on a co-worker, does she have the right to sue you?† He winced at the word sue, an occupational hazard, I’m sure. â€Å"You’re like a dog with a bone on this.† Dog? Bone? I waited for him to snicker, but he was either too tired to get his own joke or he was amusement-challenged. Maybe a little bit of both. â€Å"I like all my ends neat and tidy,† I continued. â€Å"Call me anal. Everyone else does.† His lips never twitched. Definitely amusement-challenged. â€Å"You can follow up.† He scribbled on a notepad. â€Å"Here’s her address and place of business.† Karen Larson’s home was located just off Highway 199. Huh. That huge car had screamed tourist. Getting out of her vehicle to check on an injured wolf shouted moron. If she wasn’t a temporary resident, she was at least very new. Until folks had lived here for a winter they always thought they needed huge tires to roll over the huge snowdrifts. Her address explained her presence on the highway. It did not, however, explain why she was driving home alone at 3.00 a.m. on a weeknight. Maybe I was nosy, but little details like that bugged me. Perhaps that was why I’d become a cop. It gave me license to snoop. I glanced at the doctor’s chicken scratch again. Miss Larson was a teacher at Treetop Elementary. Though some schools finished before Memorial Day weekend, others, like ours, continued classes nearly all the way through June. This was a direct result of the state lawmakers and their brilliant idea that schools should begin after Labor Day in order to make the most out of the tourist season. None of them ever seemed to understand that this only cut several weeks off the other end of summer. Since Miss Larson had been so all-fired concerned about work – I glanced at my watch – and she should be there by now, I headed in that direction, too. My decision was a sound one. By the time I reached Treetop Elementary, there was a whole lot of screaming going on. I was the first officer on the scene. Probably because everyone was more interested in getting out of the building than dialing 911, although sirens in the distance assured me someone had phoned in an emergency. I wasn’t on duty, but what the hell? People running, children screaming, call me silly, but the situation called for a cop. I parked my squad car at the curb, radioed in my location, then got out and pushed against the tide of bodies leaving the building. Once inside, I searched for someone in charge. As no one was volunteering, I snagged the arm of the nearest adult. At my touch she shrieked, causing several of the children around her to burst into tears. Their behavior made me edgy. Had the nightmare of a school shooting reached the north woods? Though I didn’t hear any gunfire, that didn’t mean there hadn’t been any. â€Å"What happened?† I demanded, none too nicely. â€Å"I-I don’t know. Down there.† She jabbed her free hand back the way she’d come. â€Å"Screaming. Crying. Shouting. They said evacuate calmly. Then everyone ran.† Which didn’t sound good. Typical, but not good. I released her, and she ushered the few stragglers onto the lawn. The school had gone eerily silent. I should probably wait for backup, but if there was a gunman inside I didn’t plan to let the little bastard do any more damage than he’d already done. Honestly, if every child who’d ever been teased or tormented grabbed a weapon, none of us would have survived our school years. What was going on in the world that made kids believe it was all right to solve their troubles with a gun? But then again, who was I to throw stones? I drew my service revolver and headed down the deserted hallway. The lack of gunfire and the sudden absence of screaming made it difficult for me to locate the source of the problem. I wouldn’t have, except for a slight, nearly undetectable whimper that drifted from a room ahead and to my left. A sign on the wall outside the door read, Miss Larson. Third Grade. â€Å"Shit,† I muttered. â€Å"I haft being right.† Having my school shooting scenario go up in smoke should have made me happy. Instead, what I found when I opened the classroom door made me sick. Karen Larson wasn’t well. The fairy princess aura had vanished, the air of fragility, too. Her hair hung across her face in sweaty hanks, only partially obscuring her eyes. Too bad. Because her eyes reminded me of a man I’d testified against once in an insanity trial. He’d gone to Happy Hill for the rest of his days. But what bothered me more than her appearance was the little boy in her grasp. He was probably eight years old and not small by any means. Yet she held him aloft with one hand; his Nikes dangled a foot above the floor. His body was limp, though I could see his chest rise and fall with a steady breath. Unconscious. Good. From the appearance of Miss Larson, life was going to get unpleasant. â€Å"Put him down.† I didn’t shout, but I didn’t whisper, either. Calm but firm worked best in almost any situation. Miss Larson glanced up. Her mouth was flecked with pink foam. It wasn’t a good look for her. Out of the corner of my eye, I glimpsed another body nearby. Larger. Not a child, but a man. Maybe the janitor, or the principal. He wasn’t moving, even to breathe, and there was blood spattered all around. I understood why Miss Larson’s foam was pink. Uck. I cocked my gun. My window for playing nice had closed. â€Å"Put him down!† My voice was louder and less calm than before. â€Å"Do it, Karen.† She cocked her head like a dog who had recognized its name somewhere in the jumble of human words. I shivered. This was just too weird. Things got weirder when she growled at me. Seriously. She did. Flecks of foam flew from her mouth, and there were bloodstains on her teeth. I inched forward and she snarled, tugged the limp boy closer, nuzzled his hair, licked his neck. What happened next I’m not certain. I would swear to this day that she smiled at me with perfect clarity. As if she were fine, this had all been a mistake. I would also vow, though never out loud, that in the next instant a feral mask descended over her face; the spirit of an animal lived in her eyes. She lifted her head, reared back as if to tear out the throat of the child in her arms, and a gunshot thundered through the room. I’ll never be able to prove if I imagined the change in Karen Larson or if it was real, because her head snapped back as a bullet took out her brain. Thank God the kid was unconscious. Considering the mess, I wish I had been. How to cite Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 3, Essay examples

Issues & Challenges on Contemporary Management Free Solution

Question: Describe about carbon footprints of the aviation sector in UK and benefits for businesses in reducing carbon footprints. Answer: Introduction: Carbon footprints have been a topic for discussion for the climate change monitoring agencies all across the globe. The increasing use of vehicles has added to the carbon emission of the countries worldwide. After the advent of air transport, it has become of the most preferred mode of transport by people. In UK alone it is seen that there is an increase in the use of airlines as the most used mode of transport by the people of the country. Benefits provided by air transport have made the people to use it owing to added functionality and being the fastest means to travel. This alone has added to the pollutants emission as they are the major contributors in the carbon emission in UK. The CO2 emission in UK is accounted to around 6.3% in 2005 (Aef.org.uk. 2016). As the number of air transports have increased since 2005 it has added to the CO2 emission in the country. Thus the companies dealing in the aviation business has to focus its attention on developing and manufacturing flights that emit lesser carbon dioxide. It is necessary for the companies to reduce the carbon footprints as it has been a major environmental issue in the world. Carbon Footprints in UK Stettler et al. (2013, p.10398) opined that carbon footprints can be defined as the amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted in undertaking various activities. As carbon dioxide is one of the major constituents of the green house gases it is used to determine the amount of gases emitted in undertaking an activity. It is seen that vehicles constitute most of the carbon emission in a country Harvey, Williams and Probert (2013, p.168). The increase in demand for vehicles grows across the countries that have in turn increased the carbon footprints in the countries. Air transport has been one of the most popular means of transport for people these days. Air transport has helped in the growth of business all across the world but in turn has affected the environment largely. Aviation industry is seen to contribute the larger amount of carbon footprints in UK in recent times (livestrong.com 2015). Various activities related to the aviation sector have added to the carbon emission in the countries. Flight alone is one of the major sources of green house gases that have degraded the environment in UK. In the years 2011 to 2012 it was seen that there was a rise in the carbon footprints by 2% in UK (Aef.org.uk. 2016). The supermarket sector is among the most motivated sector that has cut down its carbon emissions widely. Tesco is among the leaders in the retail sector that is looking to cut down its carbon emission by 2020 Lee, Seo and Sharma (2013, p.21) In UK companies like Tesco and Asda has taken up the initiative to cut down the carbon emission. They have motivated their suppliers to take up carbon reduction techniques to cut down the emissions jointly in the country. Taking up greener solutions have not just helped in reducing the carbon footprints in the country but has also helped the companies to have competitive advantage in the market (Aef.org.uk. 2016). Carbon footprints of the aviation sector in UK Nakamura, Kajikawa and Suzuki (2013) argued that aviation industry has recently attracted attention of many environment protection agencies as being of the major contributors of the carbon footprint of the country. Aviation industry has recently seen a rise in the demand that has further added to climate problems worldwide. UK is one of the major countries facing challenges from the aviation sector due to the carbon emission of the sector in the country Agarwal, (2012, p.114). In UK, aviation is the major sector that is seen to produce the highest amount of carbon into the air. Aviation industry is among the industry that uses a large amount of fuel for its functioning that emits huge amount of carbon into the environment. As the recent trends predict the emission on from aviation sector can go up to 25 % in 2050 (Aviationbenefits.org. 2016). UK is seen as one of the leaders in terms of carbon emission and thus poses a threat to the environment as a whole globally. Among the aviation sector the airline companies in UK are seen to be least energy efficient and major contributor of the carbon footprints in the country. Carbon is identified as one of the factor that has caused the global warming all across the globe. Thus it is needed for the companies in the aviation sector to cut down the emission. British Airways is pointed out as one of the companies that are least fuel efficient in the aviation sector in UK. They are seen to use older flights that are less energy efficient and add to the carbon emission to the atmosphere (Aviationbenefits.org. 2016). British airways and CO2 emission British Airways is among the largest airlines companies in the aviation sector in UK. In the recent reports it is identified as one of the major CO2 emitters in the country. As the aviation sector is among the major contributors it is the duty of the companies associated with the aviation sector to cut down its emission. It is seen that British Airways are still relying on the older aircrafts that were less fuel efficient and contributed largely to the carbon emission. The newer models are more fuel efficient and cause lesser pollution to the environment. As the demand of flights goes on increasing it is needed for the companies to cut down their CO2 emission that in turn can help them have a better competitive edge in the sector Baumeister and Onkila (2014, p.87). The companies can implement the cleaner strategies to cut down their cost as well as build reputation in the market. It is needed for the companies to adapt strategies that can reduce the carbon emission and help in becomi ng a greener company. It helps businesses to set examples and grow as market leaders by paving ways for competitors to follow the greener solution. In todays business environment where the buyers have become aware and are opting to choose the more environment friendly options over others. This has made it necessary for the companies to adapt environment friendly techniques that can help them build favorable image amidst its competitors as stated by (Steven and Merklein 2013, p.114).British Airways has planned to build a plant that can be used to convert the wastes generated by the people of London to jet fuels. This can further help the company in reducing its carbon emission that can help the company to have competitive advantage in the aviation sector (Britishairways.com 2016). Effects of the carbon footprints According to Wu, Qian and Li (2014, p.25) aviation industry is seen as one of the alarming reason for the carbon emission that is affecting the environment of the world as a whole. The aviation sector is responsible for the majority of the greenhouse gases emitted to the environment. Aviation sector is seen to contribute around 2 % to the overall carbon emission. The effects of carbon emission can be harmful for the environment and thus pose a threat to the humans due to increasing number of sources responsible for the emission Malina et al. (2012, p.38). Carbon emission can be of great threat to the environment due to its nature of affecting the climate change and other environmental factors. Greenhouse gases are the major cause for the rising temperature and climatic change that is affecting the world as a whole. Aviation sector does not only releases carbon dioxides but other gases too that if emitted on higher altitude can cause many environmental problems. The rise in temperature in the world has been a major effect of the greenhouse gases that has affected the environment overall. The increase in the temperature has many adverse affect on the environment. This has been an issue that is focused by the aviation industries so as to minimize the carbon emission in the environment. It is also seen that the carbon footprints is responsible for the depletion of resources for the businesses Hari, Yaakob and Binitha (2015, p.1235). Using the sources that emit lesser pollutants can help in gaining competitive advantage over the other companies in the market (Nair and Paulose 2014, p.180). Benefits for businesses in reducing carbon footprints Appeal to investors: investors are willing to invest their money in businesses that are more concerned about reducing their carbon footprints. This would help the firms to establish themselves as business leaders who are responsible towards their environment. It is seen that customers today are choosing businesses that are more environment friendly over the ones neglecting the issue Coles, Fenclova and Dinan (2014, p.157). Companies like British Airways are developing ways to reduce their dependency on non renewable fuels. This would help the aviation businesses to have better control over their waste generation and thus reduce their carbon footprints in the environment. Build reputation: as the aviation business is getting competitive in the market it is necessary for the companies to build its reputation in the market to have a growth in business as opined by Tribe (2015, p.71). As the businesses are willing to invest more on reducing the waste generation aviation business are also required to induce the latest technologies to reduce its carbon footprints. Ethical consideration is necessary for the businesses to succeed in the business. It is thus necessary for companies like British Airways to implement the newer strategies that can help them reduce the carbon footprints of the company (Gssling, Scott and Hall 2015, p.207) Reduce cost: the newer fuels are seen more energy efficient and thus help the companies in reducing the cost of their fuel consumption. Thus aviation giants are looking to switch its dependency on the non renewable fuels to greener and renewable energy sources. It can help the businesses to have competitive advantage over the competitors by reducing the cost of services Cheung, Kragt and Burton (2015, p.105). It is needed for the companies to have options available for them to reduce their cost and provide for better services at lower prices. Many companies are seen to have cut down the cost of their services and tickets to appeal to larger market of audience. Reach wider markets: developing countries like India and China are growing markets for the aviation sector. The companies are looking forward to invest more in developing their strategies to reach wider market and grow their business. Many countries have introduced the carbon emission measuring standards. This makes the companies to adapt techniques that can comply with the terms of that particular country. Thus for companies looking to extend its market must make sure they have their emissions within the standard level permitted in the country (theguardian.com 2012). Conclusion: The aviation business is one of the sectors that are most responsible for environment depletion and carbon emission. Carbon emission has been one of the major causes for environment problems all across the globe. Every country is seen affected by the emissions from the aviation activities that are releasing carbon and other green house gases in the environment. It is seen that the gases that are emitted by flights at higher altitudes are the major reason for the climate change in the world. It is of urgent importance for the various companies in the aviation sector to implement newer techniques to have competitive advantage. It is advisable for the aviation companies to try to implement newer and improved technologies in their operations to reduce the carbon emission from the activities. Especially in UK where the big companies are seen to still depend on older flights that emit a lot more emission. The companies are required to pay more attention to conserve the environment they work in. It is of utmost importance as the consumers today are aware of environment problems and are seen to choose the companies that are more concerned towards protecting the environment. Reference list Aef.org.uk. 2016. Aviation Environment Federation Climate Change and Aviation. 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